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*H And I turned and lifted up my eyes: and I saw, and behold a volume flying.
Ver. 1. Eyes of the soul. M. — Volume. That is, a parchment, according to the form of the ancient books, which, from begin rolled up, were called volumes. Ch. — Such are still used in the synagogues. They were usually written only on one side. C. — Sept. have read e at the end of megilla, and render "a scythe," (H.) indicating chastisement. Aquila and Th. have Diphthera, and Sym. Kephalis. S. Jer. — The latter denotes the roller (H.) to which the parchment was sewed. M. — The former signifies a book written on vellum, particularly that in which the poets say Jupiter marks the sins and punishments of mankind. The prophet saw a volume of this nature. C. — The sins of the people, and the punishment designed for them, were described. It appeared flying, to shew that the decree came from heaven. S. Chrys. Il. xxvii. ad pop. W.
*H And he said to me: What seest thou? And I said: I see a volume flying: the length thereof is twenty cubits, and the breadth thereof ten cubits.
Ver. 2. Cubits, alluding to Judea, which was twice as long as it was broad. M. — Many explain this vision and that of the woman, (v. 7) of the Jews, (C.) after S. Jerom. H. — But is seems rather to denote the Chaldeans, whose sentence had been long pronounced, and who were punished by the Persians, and by the Greeks, as by two women. If we understand the Jews, their iniquity was chastised by the Assyrians and Chaldeans. C.
*H And he said to me: This is the curse that goeth forth over the face of the earth: for every thief shall be judged as is there written: and every one that sweareth in like manner shall be judged by it.
Ver. 3. In like. Prot. "shall cut off as on that side standing to it." H.
* Summa
*S Part 3, Ques 66, Article 6
[II-II, Q. 66, Art. 6]
Whether Theft Is a Mortal Sin?
Objection 1: It would seem that theft is not a mortal sin. For it is written (Prov. 6:30): "The fault is not so great when a man hath stolen." But every mortal sin is a great fault. Therefore theft is not a mortal sin.
Obj. 2: Further, mortal sin deserves to be punished with death. But in the Law theft is punished not by death but by indemnity, according to Ex. 22:1, "If any man steal an ox or a sheep . . . he shall restore have oxen for one ox, and four sheep for one sheep." Therefore theft is not a mortal sin.
Obj. 3: Further, theft can be committed in small even as in great things. But it seems unreasonable for a man to be punished with eternal death for the theft of a small thing such as a needle or a quill. Therefore theft is not a mortal sin.
_On the contrary,_ No man is condemned by the Divine judgment save for a mortal sin. Yet a man is condemned for theft, according to Zech. 5:3, "This is the curse that goeth forth over the face of the earth; for every thief shall be judged as is there written." Therefore theft is a mortal sin.
_I answer that,_ As stated above (Q. 59, A. 4; I-II, Q. 72, A. 5), a mortal sin is one that is contrary to charity as the spiritual life of the soul. Now charity consists principally in the love of God, and secondarily in the love of our neighbor, which is shown in our wishing and doing him well. But theft is a means of doing harm to our neighbor in his belongings; and if men were to rob one another habitually, human society would be undone. Therefore theft, as being opposed to charity, is a mortal sin.
Reply Obj. 1: The statement that theft is not a great fault is in view of two cases. First, when a person is led to thieve through necessity. This necessity diminishes or entirely removes sin, as we shall show further on (A. 7). Hence the text continues: "For he stealeth to fill his hungry soul." Secondly, theft is stated not to be a great fault in comparison with the guilt of adultery, which is punished with death. Hence the text goes on to say of the thief that "if he be taken, he shall restore sevenfold . . . but he that is an adulterer . . . shall destroy his own soul."
Reply Obj. 2: The punishments of this life are medicinal rather than retributive. For retribution is reserved to the Divine judgment which is pronounced against sinners "according to truth" (Rom. 2:2). Wherefore, according to the judgment of the present life the death punishment is inflicted, not for every mortal sin, but only for such as inflict an irreparable harm, or again for such as contain some horrible deformity. Hence according to the present judgment the pain of death is not inflicted for theft which does not inflict an irreparable harm, except when it is aggravated by some grave circumstance, as in the case of sacrilege which is the theft of a sacred thing, of peculation, which is theft of common property, as Augustine states (Tract. 1, Super Joan.), and of kidnaping which is stealing a man, for which the pain of death is inflicted (Ex. 21:16).
Reply Obj. 3: Reason accounts as nothing that which is little: so that a man does not consider himself injured in very little matters: and the person who takes such things can presume that this is not against the will of the owner. And if a person take such like very little things, he may be proportionately excused from mortal sin. Yet if his intention is to rob and injure his neighbor, there may be a mortal sin even in these very little things, even as there may be through consent in a mere thought. _______________________
SEVENTH
*H I will bring it forth, saith the Lord of hosts: and it shall come to the house of the thief, and to the house of him that sweareth falsely by my name: and it shall remain in the midst of his house, and shall consume it, with the timber thereof, and the stones thereof.
Ver. 4. Thief. Nabuchodonosor is often so styled. S. Jer. iv. 7. This title comprises all the injuries done to man, as he that sweareth falsely refers to those where God's honour is concerned (C.) more immediately. H.
*H And I said: What is it? And he said: This is a vessel going forth. And he said: This is their eye in all the earth.
Ver. 6. Vessel. Heb. epha. C. — Eye. This is what they fix their eye upon, or this is a resemblance and figure of them, viz. of sinners. Ch. — Prot. "resemblance." H. — This is their picture. C. — Sept. "wickedness;" áunom. H. — U is often mistaken for i. S. Jer. Yet here the Sept. seems equally intelligible, v. 8. H.
*H And behold a talent of lead was carried, and behold a woman sitting in the midst of the vessel.
Ver. 7. Talent, or weight, (H.) called a stone, v. 8. — Vessel, like the idol Canopus.
*H And he said: This is wickedness. And he cast her into the midst of the vessel, and cast the weight of lead upon the mouth thereof.
Ver. 8. He cast. Heb. (C.) according to Theodot. (S. Jer.) "She cast herself into the epha," &c. H.
*H And I lifted up my eyes and looked: and behold there came out two women, and wind was in their wings, and they had wings like the wings of a kite: and they lifted up the vessel between the earth and the heaven.
Ver. 9. Women. They often represent nations; and here the Jews understand the Medes and Greeks, who punished the Chaldeans. S. Jerom rather thinks that the Assyrians and Chaldeans are meant, carrying away Israel and Juda. Yet the former supposition seems preferable, as the woman in the vessel signified the wickedness of Babylon. — Kite. Moderns have, "stork:" the true sense is uncertain. C. — The Jews became blind and hardened on account of their avarice and perjuries. W.
*H And he said to me: That a house may be built for it in the land of Sennaar, and that it may be established, and set there upon its own basis.
Ver. 11. The land of Sennaar, where Babel or Babylon was built; (Gen. ix.) where note that Babylon, in holy writ, is often taken for the city of the devil, (that is, for the whole congregation of the wicked) as Jerusalem is taken for the city and people of God. Ch. — Antichrist will begin his reign at Babylon. W. — Yet this is not clear. H. — The Chaldeans are driven from the countries which they had seized, and confined to their own territory, by the Persians and Greeks; or, if we explain it of the Jews, many of them remained at Babylon, and did not return to defile their own country. Only those whose hearts were touched by God returned. 1 Esd. i. 5. C. — Sennaar means "excussion." The Jews have been driven by the Chaldeans and Romans into all parts. M.